In the Copenhagen Accord of December 2009, developed countries agreed to provide start-up finance for adaptation in developing countries and expressed the ambition to scale this up to $100 billion per year by 2020. The financial mechanisms to deliver this support have to be tailored to country...

As an innovative financial mechanism to explore additional funds for social development programs in developing countries, debt swaps for development, including debt-for-education swaps, became popular between the 1980s and 2000s. Their popularity, however, seems to have diminished since the...