Since the late 1990s, natural gas has been the second most important source of energy in the European Union after oil. Current forecasts predict that the demand for natural gas will continue to rise over the long term. As the production of natural gas in the EU has already passed its peak and...

Over the years Bulgaria has remained strongly dependent on its import of oil products mainly due to the lack of oil resources on its territory. This import dependence poses a significant risk for the country’s energy security. In this research we analyse Bulgaria’s energy security in terms...

Background: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacturing is an important segment of the Indian pharma industry. India ranks third in terms of volume of medicines produced, and is a major global supplier of generic medicines. However, India depends heavily on the import of several raw...

Voluminous theoretical and empirical research shows that real exchange rate (RER) undervaluation could be conducive to economic development. Why do countries then often avoid the pursuit of policies that facilitate undervaluation or even intentionally pursue RER overvaluation? We address this...

Evolving of trade specialization is usually a longlasting process resulting from deep structural changes of an economy. In some cases external stimuli such as broader market that resulted from trade liberalization could contribute to a rapid changing of a country’s trade pattern. Although...

This paper investigates the nature and pattern of export specialization in Lithuania. The aim of this paper is to estimate the nature and pattern of Lithuanian export specialization under existing conditions. Seeking to define the nature and pattern of export specialization, the basic methods of...

Trade-related characteristics have only been recently started to be included in empirical studies analysing the determinants of the financial constraints faced by firms. A result broadly shared by these studies is that exporting firms tend to be those less financially constrained. In this paper...

В этой работе мы пытаемся оценить трансформационный процесс в агропродовольствен- ном секторе Украины. Индикатором успеха трансформационного процесса может...

In diesem Diskussionspapier wird die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der weißrussischen Milchwirtschaft unter Verwendung von Außenhandelsdaten analysiert. Die ex-post Analyse wird durch eine ex-ante Analyse erweitert, um die künftige Stellung der Branche im internationalen Wettbewerb detaillierter zu...

Despite significant progress in recent years, horizontal and vertical integration of the Lithuanian milk sector is not very much advanced. The primary sector is characterised by small-scale farming, the fragmentation of farmland and a low number of livestock per farms. These features cause...