adherence is systematically higher along the pre-Islamic trade routes. We discuss the possible mechanisms that may give rise to … and proximity to lucrative trade routes. We argue that these elements exacerbated inequalities across diverse tribal … societies producing a conflictual environment that had the potential to disrupt trade flows. Any credible movement attempting to …

trade on the 'sending' countries in Africa, with attention to their economic, institutional, demographic, and social … implications. Next, I evaluate the consequences of the slave trade on the 'receiving' countries in the Americas. Here, I …

verhältnismäßig großer Bevölkerung und Landfläche beschrieben werden, die eine dominante Rolle im Handel der Region und der regionalen … and land area which plays a dominant role in trade within the region and in the regional governance. The regional power …

Handel. Exportorientierte Staaten verzeichnen Handelsrückgänge im Vergleich zum Vorjahr zwischen 7.9% in Deutschland bis zu … 24% in Südkorea. Der Handel europäischer Länder untereinander sinkt weniger als mit dem Rest der Welt. Exporte in andere … Amerika, was auf einen längeren Trend des Handelsrückgangs hinweist. Im ersten Quartal 2020 sank Chinas Handel deutlich mit …

This policy brief examines the effects of the Covid19 pandemic on international trade. Major exporting economies have … logistical bottlenecks are being solved, low demand puts pressure on trade activity. The shipping industry has reduced its … activity around Europe, Asia and America by up to -10% pointing to a prolonged reduction in trade. Over the first quarter of …

. Unilateral decoupling of the EU from China (a doubling of trade costs) would reduce real income in the EU on average by 0 … decline by 1.4 percent (48.4 bn EUR). China would also lose from such a trade war, with real income declining by 1.3 percent …. Should the EU increase its trade barriers against all its non-European trading partners, real income in the Union would fall …