Market analysts and central banks often use the implied volatility of FX options as an indicator of expected exchange … deviate the value of implied volatility from the exchange rate variability expected by the market. These biasing factors are … one month. However, implied volatility provides a biased estimate, and does not encompass the information included in …

, effectively lowering its volatility. We also show that relatively small increases in the average holdings of reserves by Latin … substantially REER volatility. …

both current and past market returns. Using various time-varying volatility models to accommodate conditional … causality-in-variance is used to analyse if volatility among small traders spills over into spot markets, it is found that …

growth rate and volatility of commodity spot prices. This view gained credence because in the 2000s trading volume increased …

taxes is to contain price rise and volatility, to generate revenue, and to increase transparency, these arguments are …, volatility and transaction cost using a three-equation structural model for five top selected commodities namely Gold, Copper … cost and liquidity, and a positive relationship between transaction cost and volatility. Therefore, if the government …