It is well understood that political participation is stratified by socio-economic characteristics. Yet it is an open … developed by an expanding empirical literature on EOp we investigate to what extent political participation is determined by …, we find that a lack of political opportunity is particularly pronounced for contacts with officials, participation in …

While it is well documented that political participation is stratified by socio-economic characteristics, it is an open … what extent differential political participation is determined by factors that lie beyond individual control (circumstances … forms of participation and persist over time. Family characteristics and psychological conditions during childhood emanate …

. Effective political participation requires a certain amount of financial, social and intellectual resources to, for example … political efficacy, resulting in less political participation. Consequently, the established parties propose a tax rate which is …