endogenously determined. Interpreting unemployment as damage, urban pollution (damage denoted in units of labour) can also support … the same equilibrium with the value of damage equal to the value of resources otherwise lost through unemployment. However …, if the damage function implies an uninternalized externality (due to urban congestion, for instance), an internalization …

nowcasting, and for post-disaster damage assessment. We focus on Fiji and on its agriculture sector, and on tropical cyclones … be used for both nowcasting and post-disaster damage assessments. …

development, but in others, disputes have erupted over land use, property rights, environmental damage, and revenue sharing …

Economic vulnerability is approached from micro- and macroeconomic perspectives. While the microeconomic perspective is … impact of these shocks on economic growth. This paper reviews the literature on macroeconomic vulnerability and finds that … there is no single approach to understanding macroeconomic vulnerability in the context of financial and economic crises in …

Much research to date has tended to view vulnerability by discipline or sector, yet individuals and households …-dimensional vulnerability is likely to become an increasingly important concept if the outlook over the next 15 to 25 years is one of multiple … intellectual strands involved in multi-dimensional vulnerability analysis. In light of the above, this paper reviews the literature …

set of socio-demographic variables. Therefore, shocks perpetuate vulnerability to poverty via their effect on risk …