efficiency of the provision of police services at the state level. …

property crimes and 13% in personal crimes. There is also evidence that the IGESP is associated with improved police response …

conflict-affected countries. This module will enable researchers to address specific violence-related issues comparatively … survey designs in conflict-affected areas. We review existing conflict- and violence-related questionnaires, with a special … in order to deepen the understanding of the nature of violent conflict and the channels whereby conflict and violence …

In European history, war has played a major role in state-building and the state monopoly on violence. But war is a … very specific form of organized political violence, and it is decreasing on a global scale. Other patterns of armed … violence now dominate, ones that seem to undermine state-building, thus preventing the replication of European experiences. As …

We present evidence that more ethnically fragmented communities spend, all else equal, more on police services than … less fragmented communities. We introduce a model of spending on police services which we use to interpret the data. In … spending on police services reduces the attractiveness of committing a crime. We also assume that being a victim of crime …

Engagement der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft reduziert werden kann, im Gegenteil: Der Ausbau von Streitkräften und Polizei …

This paper exploits dictated delays in local police hiring by a centralized national authority to break the … simultaneity between police and crime. In Italy police officers can only be hired through lengthy national public contests which … requested police officers are recruited and become operational. We show that this endogeneity vanishes once, controlling for …

India. We code data on Hindu-Muslim violence and Muslim political representation in India and leverage quasi … with greater police strength. Our results suggest that the political empowerment of minority communities can contribute to …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …