The 1990s and 2000s were a gloomy period for Germany's working class, hit by mass unemployment, welfare retrenchment … gap did not follow a clear time trend, but remained basically constant. In Germany, differences in unemployment risks and …

equate the expected urban wage (given a downward rigid real wage in the urban sector) to the real wage. Unemployment is … endogenously determined. Interpreting unemployment as damage, urban pollution (damage denoted in units of labour) can also support … the same equilibrium with the value of damage equal to the value of resources otherwise lost through unemployment. However …

We analyze the impact of product market competition on unemployment and wages, and how this depends on labour market … competition. We find that increased product market competition reduces unemployment, and that it does so more in countries with …

targeting affect unemployment, economic growth and the output gap. The results show that inflation targeting causes no harm to … employment in developing and emerging countries. On the contrary, it might reduce average unemployment and narrow the output gap …

explaining the deviations of household inflation and unemployment expectations from the rational expectations benchmark …