compromised by corruption. Our analysis is based on a dynamic general equilibrium model of a small economy in which growth is … driven by capital accumulation and public policy is administered by government appointed bureaucrats. Corruption may arise …) corruption is always bad for economic development, but its effect is worse if the economy is open than if it is closed; (2) the …

; the 'need for the State', particularly of the poorest; the extent of petty corruption; the reliability of expert surveys …

levels of public corruption and of effective governance taking place across nations. The first section develops a principal … Kaufmann et al. (1999a); a panel data set for the period 1980-95 and about 100 nations on corruption and bureaucratic quality … based on experts` rankings; and corruption data for the cross-section of US states in the period 1977-95. …

Many recent studies have looked at the macroeconomic, cultural and institutional determinants of corruption at the … bribes and the firms paying bribes affect the equilibrium level of corruption in the sector. Bribe takers (utility employees … empirical literature on corruption is how to distinguish between the "endogenous harassment" and "speed money" theories of …

positively correlated with government consumption as well as the absence of corruption. …

-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the … corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve …