This paper develops a methodology to compare the quality of examination services in different patent offices. Quality … is defined as the extent to which patent offices comply with their patentability conditions in a transparent way. The … of patent offices in Europe (EPO), Japan (JPO) and the US (USPTO) shows that their operational designs differ …

likelihood of patent renewal. Since the owners know more about the patents than potential external financiers, there is a problem …

Entrepreneurship is usually indentified as an important determinant of aggregate productivity and long-term growth. The … determinants of entrepreneurship, nevertheless, are not entirely understood. A recent literature has linked entrepreneurship to the … determining the incidence of entrepreneurship. We explore the creation of Special Civil Tribunals in the Brazilian state of São …

. Although the studies on academic entrepreneurship and university patenting have substantially increased, first there have not … patenting and entrepreneurship, and develop these factors into a tentative framework. It is our hope that this framework is …

Incentives and assistance provided by TTOs, university policies, patent legislation and scientific disciplines are … certainly part of the explanations for academic entrepreneurship. But they are only one facet of the story. Another facet is … scientists to get involved in entrepreneurship should not be considered to rule out institutional effects. …

intentions. However, empirical research aimed at establishing the importance of role models for (nascent) entrepreneurs is scarce … completed by a representative sample of 292 entrepreneurs in three major Dutch cities - entrepreneurs who have recently started …

similar in terms of risk taking preferences and network size. Want-to-be entrepreneurs however suffer from credit constraints … entrepreneurship and credit constraints under labour market discrimination. We divide self employed into prefer to be self-employed and … prefer to have a salaried job but cannot find one; and divide salaried workers into want-to-be entrepreneurs and happy …

This paper argues that the consequences of the 'fragmentation' of the European patent system are more dramatic than the … mere prohibitive costs of maintaining a patent in force in many jurisdictions. First, detailed analysis of judicial systems …-level competition policy and granting authority ultimately facing national jurisdictional primacy on patent issues. These high degrees …