production in Indonesia comes from large-scale plantations, independently operating smallholders are increasing in importance and … duration model to analyze the patterns and dynamics of oil palm adoption among smallholders. Initially, smallholders were … palm adoption significantly. Independent smallholders adopt oil palm especially in those villages that also have contracts …

Transaction costs play a key role in the behaviour of smallholders in developing countries. We exploit the quasi … the introduction of a new auction floor on tobacco yield and production of smallholders. Yield increases over the years to …

This book assesses the institutional, technical and market constraints as well as opportunities for smallholders … policy framework and potential institutional responses to unlock the relevant markets for smallholders. …

There is a widely held consensus that it will not be possible to feed the world without the help of the smallholders of … businesses and products. As efficient as external inputs may be, poorer smallholders are rarely able to bear the costs and risks …