reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

The level of violence in the National Hockey League (NHL) reached its highest point in 1987 and has reduced somewhat … information from several databases 1996-2007, the incentives for violence in North American ice hockey are analyzed. We examine …

conflict-affected countries. This module will enable researchers to address specific violence-related issues comparatively … survey designs in conflict-affected areas. We review existing conflict- and violence-related questionnaires, with a special … in order to deepen the understanding of the nature of violent conflict and the channels whereby conflict and violence …

This paper studies migration decisions of very poor households in an environment with a high level of violence. By … matching detailed retrospective data on violence levels in Colombian rural municipalities with a household survey collected for … problems of the sample and the key issue of endogeneity of violence. The main results show that high levels of violence …

level of violence, an outlier among the oil countries as a whole. It applies a newly elaborated 'context approach' that … with a moderate increase in internal violence in Venezuela are subsequently analyzed, in the second part of the paper, from …, and corruption. On the other hand, oil has triggered violence-primarily through socioeconomic causal mechanisms (central …

In keinem Land der Erde sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten Gewerkschaften derart von physischer Gewalt getroffen worden … die enorme physische Gewalt, der Gewerkschaftsmitglieder in Kolumbien in den letzten Jahrzehnten ausgesetzt waren, mit dem …? Oder rührt die Gewalt gegen Gewerkschafterinnen und Gewerkschafter aus der Dynamik des übergreifenden, gewaltsam …

This paper critically reviews a vast array of literature on the costs of crime and common violence. Using a simple …

contracts, or to seek protection from competitors’ improper behaviors. In these contexts, violence is used to enforce previous … first piece of evidence on the causal effect of illegality on systemic violence. Brazil has historically been the main world … increases in violence after prohibition in areas with: (i) higher share of mahogany exports before prohibition; (ii) higher …

association between cities, violence, and disorder is not new, however. In a classic article on 'Urbanism as a way of life', Louis … necessarily lead to urban violence. This is a standpoint that is further reinforced by the fact that not all cities around the … heterogeneous individuals give rise to violence, while in others they don't, focusing in particular on wider structural factors as …