This paper is the first that applies a new measure of competition, the Boone indicator, to the banking industry. This … approach is able to measure competition of bank market segments, such as the loan market, whereas many well-known measures of … competition can consider the entire banking market only. A caveat of the Boone-indicator may be that it assumes that banks …

This paper analyses the institutional framework for pharmacies in Germany and competition in that sector, which is … characterized by significant competition deficits. Based on our diagnosis and findings the advantages and disadvantages of two …

both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap. …

We analyze the impact of product market competition on unemployment and wages, and how this depends on labour market … competition. We find that increased product market competition reduces unemployment, and that it does so more in countries with …. We also find that the effect of increased competition on real wages is beneficial to workers, but less so when they have …

in international data. More market orientation might be related to gender wage gaps via its effects on competition in …

both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap. …