Job polarization was first identified in the US in the 1990s, when employment growth concentrated in the highest and lowest wages jobs with much less growth in middle wage jobs. Research since then has identified continuing polarizing pressures in the US and Europe, but also evidence of job...

This article examines the transfer of innovative soft technologies by multinational companies (MNCs) through foreign direct investment and the diffusion of those technologies by those MNCs into indigenous firms (IFs). By drawing upon the experience of such transfer and diffusion in the developed...

This Working Paper outlines claims about the "future of work" (as the shorthand for work and employment) and the policy responses to those claims. It is based on a review of the academic and grey literatures on digitalisation and the future of work. The paper first explains the two main...