assesses these approaches along with the factors related to informality-formality trade-off and the issue of formalisation as a …

. The industry equilibrium is compared to one in which informality is prohibited. With relatively high product demand, the … effect of entrepreneurs being free to choose informality is that consumer surplus and total employment are reduced, but … also show that informality may be a built-in stabilizer or destabilizer. …

informality in the global North and document the diverse trajectories that informal processes may take. My analysis reveals that … informal and semi-formal solutions are not simply ‘tolerated’ or ‘overlooked’ by the state, but co-produced by urban dwellers …

migration propensity, due to migration costs; a larger network of past emigrants from the same community mitigates this …

-up estimates and relate these to firm-level formality. The average firm-specific mark-up using a trans-log revenue production … ownership form. Zooming in on firm-level registration, we find a formality premium of 16 per cent, even when controlling for … selection into formality. Moreover, a firm size threshold exists, confirming that smaller informal firms are less likely to reap …

. Furthermore, we observe important effect heterogeneity by employment formality as the stringency of the country's lockdown …