The consequences of terrorist attacks, financial crises, geopolitical interventions in North Africa and the Arab world, and the resulting instability of states and refugee flows to Europe, make the population vulnerable and create fear. Additionally, climate change, environmental degradation,...

Empirical evidence indicates that high oil price volatility has a dampening effect on output in countries that import commodities. Many countries, however, gain important revenues from commodity exports. This paper investigates the output effects of commodity price volatility in commodity...