We document day care enrolment gaps by family background for children under 3 in Germany. Research demonstrates that children of less-educated or foreign-born parents benefit most from day care, making it important to understand the causes of such enrolment gaps. Using a unique data set that...

Labor markets in low- and middle income countries are characterized by high levels of informality. A multitude of interventions have therefore been implemented in many countries with the objective to increase the formalization of firms and workers, including information campaigns, simplification...

Labor markets in low- and middle income countries are characterized by high levels of informality. A multitude of interventions have therefore been implemented in many countries with the objective to increase the formalization of firms and workers, including information campaigns, simplification...

We examine the impact of formal child care usage on parenting intensity. We measure parenting intensity as the amount of time that parents spend on child rearing and, in particular, on educational activities with children. Using time-use data and a household survey, we estimate the effects at...

Das Angebot an Plätzen in Kindertageseinrichtungen (Kitas) wurde in den vergangenen zehn Jahren massiv ausgebaut. Seit 2013 gilt der Rechtsanspruch auf einen Betreuungsplatz für Kinder ab dem zweiten Lebensjahr. Damit war teilweise auch die Hoffnung verbunden, dass der sozioökonomische...

Motherhood and parental leave are frequent causes of worker absences and employment interruptions, yet we know little about their effects on firms. Based on linked employer-employee data from Germany, we examine how parental leave absences affect small- and medium-sized firms. We show that they...

Die Corona-Pandemie hat das Leben vieler Familien auf den Kopf gestellt. Kitas und Schulen sind geschlossen, viele Kinder sind nun tagsüber zu Hause - genau wie viele Eltern, die etwa vom Home-Office aus arbeiten. Was bedeutet diese Konstellation für Eltern und deren Zeiteinteilung mit Blick...

This paper studies costly political resistance in a non-democracy. When Nazi Germany surrendered in May 1945, 40% of the designated Soviet occupation zone was initially captured by the western Allied Expeditionary Force. This occupation was short-lived: Soviet forces took over after less than...