and engage in local corruption to avoid punishment. When law enforcers are sufficiently well-paid, difficult to bribe and … corruption detection highly probable, we show that increasing policing or sanctions effectively deters crime. However, when … punishment induce organized crime to corruption, and ensuing impunity leads too higher rather than lower crime. …

There is a growing evidence that political corruption is often closely associated with the rent seeking activities of … special interest groups. This paper examines the nature of the interaction between the lobbying activities of special interest … groups and the incidence of political corruption and determines whether electoral competition can eliminate political …

between a decision-maker and a lobbying party serves as a legal substitute for corruption. Due to the obvious lack of field …We study experimentally whether anti-corruption policies with a focus on bribery might be insufficient to uncover more … pure anticipation of future rewards from a lobbying party suffices to bias a decision-maker in favor of this party, even …

Although the theoretical literature often uses lobbying and corruption synonymously, the empirical literature … associates lobbying with the preferred mean for exerting influence in developed countries and corruption with the preferred one … suggest that (a) lobbying and corruption are fundamentally different, (b) political institutions play a major role in …

in US states may indeed reduce corruption levels among elected representatives. …

between a decision-maker and a lobbying party serves as a legal substitute for corruption. Due to the obvious lack of field …We study experimentally whether anti-corruption policies with a focus on bribery might be insufficient to uncover more … pure anticipation of future rewards from a lobbying party suffices to bias a decision-maker in favor of this party, even …

association between cities, violence, and disorder is not new, however. In a classic article on 'Urbanism as a way of life', Louis …, corruption, and disorder'. He does so on the grounds that the urban context constituted a space that naturally generated … necessarily lead to urban violence. This is a standpoint that is further reinforced by the fact that not all cities around the …

marginal cost of violence always reduces violence, while increasing the indiscriminate fixed cost may backfire and result in …