Siebert, W. Stanley; Zubanov, Nikolay - Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) - 2008
We study the impact of and reward to middle management ability using data from 245 stores of a nationwide retailer. The … company scores six broad areas of management practice, the most important of which turns out to be "commercial awareness … managers do not receive higher pay all else equal, which implies that middle management ability is not fully tradable. …