During the last two decades the CIS countries have received very significant amounts of technical assistance from international development organizations and bilateral donors. While this has played a positive and important role in the transformation of these societies, practically all...

We define ‘failing states’ are those low-income states in which policy and governance is persistently very bad. We develop a theory of reform in these states in which several characteristics of the society might potentially be the binding constraint on change. We then introduce aid,...

Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) are important providers of financial and non-financial support to developing countries to assist with meeting their infrastructure needs. This article explores the traditional and emerging forms of infrastructure financing support that MDBs provide to...