We derive fundamental new theory for measuring monetary service flows aggregated over countries within the European Monetary Union (EMU). We develop three increasingly restrictive approaches: (1) the heterogeneous agents approach, (2) the multilateral representative agent approach, and (3) the...

The role of money in society has been a controversial topic in economic theory over many years. Particular attention has been devoted to the analysis whether there should be competition in the supply of money, or whether this is best left to a governmental agency. This paper reviews the...

This paper provides a simple weekly model of the regular supply of liquidity in the euro area, with a view to understanding the functioning of the euro area money market. The main result of the analysis is that liquidity has normally been provided by the ECB in a neutral and smooth manner, but...

In the aftermath of the financial crises, questions have been raised as to why there were significant differences in the denominator of the calculation of risk-weighted assets (RWAs). The EBA and other international bodies have already conducted significant work on the comparability of capital...

The Capital Requirements Regulation (‘CRR’) and the Capital Requirements Directive (‘CRD IV’) texts specify the calculation of the leverage ratio, the reporting of which has been applicable from 1 January 2014. In addition to supervisory reporting, Article 451(1) of the CRR requires...