decision problem of using self-governance for risk sharing or governance through enforcement provided by these institutions … prevent first-best risk sharing, but never optimal to provide incentives exclusively via this technology. Commitment problems …

international equity transactions that accentuate the role of international risk sharing as a factor for the macroeconomic response … shock affecting only one country. Efficient global risk-sharing imply that expected productivity gains in one country will … for the productivity gains can further increase the risk exposure of foreign shareholders. The model is calibrated to show …

When people share risk in financial markets, intermediaries provide costly enforcement for most trades and, hence, are … an integral part of financial marketsu0092 organization. We assess the degree of risk sharing that can be achieved … allow for optimal risk sharing as long as markets are complete, default is prevented in equilibrium and intermediaries …

effcient risk-sharing, negatively correlated with cross-country consumption ratios. This paper shows that incomplete asset … the international transmission of productivity improvements generate the observed degree of risk-sharing: one associated … transmission pattern, questioning the presumption that terms-of-trade movements foster international risk-pooling. …

Some regulation is needed to enhance growth and economic welfare, but too much undermines productivity. Generally, the …