The research indicates that financial participation can deliver real benefits for employees, enterprises and national economies. However, despite this potential, it remains little used in most Member States, and is very unevenly distributed across the EU. This background paper has updated the...

Article 495(3) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (Capital Requirements Regulation – CRR) allows competent authorities temporarily to exempt from the internal ratings-based (IRB) treatment certain equity exposures held by institutions as at 31 December 2007. This provision was already included in...