This briefing note considers the European Commissions proposals for a common European spectrum policy through reviewing adopted legislation as well as recent communications and other initiatives. The report was produced against the background of the review of the regulatory framework for...

A software-defined radio (SDR) is one that has the capability – through use of programmable hardware (handsets) controlled by software - to tune to any frequency band and receive any modulation across a large frequency spectrum. At present, certain radio frequencies have to be reserved for...

This paper assesses the legislative achievements made so far in the objectives set by the Amsterdam Treaty and the Tampere European Council. It explores why a number of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) policy areas have experienced a greater degree of development or convergence than others. The...

The Black Sea Region (BSR) has emerged as an important intersection of political, economic and security considerations and is now firmly into the attention and policy focus of the European Union and other international organizations. Increased movement of people, terrorist threats, economic...

Executive summary The present study examines a number of issues concerning the EUs own (autonomous) sanctions (also called restrictive measures) and EU sanctions implementing UN Security Council sanctions. The interplay between the international, EU and national constitutional legal systems...