This paper discusses the channels between openness and productivity and trade hampering factors. The stylized facts from the heterogeneous firms literature suggests that firms face market entry costs for each new product they export and to each new export market. Transport costs, border costs...

Turkey could be the EU's biggest success in foreign affairs. Europeans should be proud that they are transforming, in a peaceful manner, the political system of a country as large and complex as Turkey. Regime change EU-style is cheap, voluntary and long-lasting. Turkey also has a lot to...

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