This paper discusses the channels between openness and productivity and trade hampering factors. The stylized facts … from the heterogeneous firms literature suggests that firms face market entry costs for each new product they export and to … each new export market. Transport costs, border costs and retail and wholesale distribution costs might add up to 170% of …

imposes a threat to the market positions of advanced economies. While China’s export structure is very similar to that of the … advanced world, its export unit values are well below the level of developed economies. Building on the assumption that unit … be justified by its relatively low average prices, implying that the quality of Chinese export products is relatively …

exacerbate the effect of productivity and other macroeconomic shocks on output and inflation. By offering a possibility of …