The Council of the EU requested this FRA Opinion in its Conclusions on business and human rights. The expert opinion sought from FRA was to look at “possible avenues to lower barriers for access to remedy at the EU level” – the third of three pillars of the UN Guiding Principles.

Unlike the Vinerian perspective [named after Jacob Viner], which is generally critical of bilateral trade agreements and provides only a limited justification for them, the Subsidiarity perspective sees them in a more positive light, providing several explanations and justifications for their...

This study has been commissioned by the Competition Directorate- General of the European Commission (from hereon DG Competition) to develop “a detailed methodological approach for the ex-post review of European Commission decisions in the field of merger control, namely for assessing the...

Um den Richtern in den Mitgliedstaaten bei der Anwendung des Beihilferechts zu helfen, hat dieGeneraldirektion Wettbewerb die wichtigsten EU-Vorschriften für staatliche Beihilfen und dieentsprechenden Orientierungshilfen der Kommission zusammengestellt. Andere Sprachfassungen dieserUnterlagen...

This is a report on aspects of the interface between competition law and patent law. Competition authorities have long been aware of the potentially difficult relationship between these two bodies of Law. At the level of the EU, this relationship has already been abundantly discussed in both the...

The study discusses the relationship between accountability and transparency in central banking and the role and scope of parliamentary scrutiny. Special attention is given to the consequences of the current crisis for this area. For the authors, the current crisis shows that price stability...