Article 495(3) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (Capital Requirements Regulation – CRR) allows competent authorities temporarily to exempt from the internal ratings-based (IRB) treatment certain equity exposures held by institutions as at 31 December 2007. This provision was already included in...

Some regulation is needed to enhance growth and economic welfare, but too much undermines productivity. Generally, the UK seems lightly regulated, especially in its international transactions, and it has a public enterprise sector small in both size and scope. Yet British business has become...

The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) is required by Article 39a of Regulation (EU) No 462/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 May 2013, amending Regulation (EC) No 1060/2009 on credit rating agencies (CRA Regulation), to assess the staffing and resources needs...