Over the past decades, cross-border financial flows have increased in importance and have in many occasions exceeded the underlying current account positions. This phenomenon has been accompanied by an increase in the volume of international equity transactions that accentuate the role of...

This paper analyzes cooperation between sovereign national authorities in the supervision and regulation of a multinational bank. We take a political economy approach to regulation and assume that supervisors maximize the welfare of their own country. The communication between the supervisors is...

The targeted increase of renewable energy sources in the European energy mix to 20% by 2020, and the goal of an 80-95% CO2 emissions reduction by 2050, will require changes to and extensions of the electricity grid. The integration of increasing shares of fluctuating renewable electricity,...

The Evaluation Unit of the European Commission (EC’s) Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development (DG DEVCO) commissioned PEM to conduct an independent evaluation of the European Union’s cooperation with sustainable energy (2011-2016). The purpose of this Report is to...

This report reveals that Central and Eastern European countries are using at least twice the energy used by the previous 15 EU member states for each unit of economic output. Along with six other non-governmental organisations, WWF, the global conservation organisation, has launched a report...

This report synthesises data from a range of sources to estimate the size of subsidies to the energy sector in the 15 pre-2004 Member States of the European Union. It finds that the level of subsidies to fossil fuels remains high despite their environmental impacts, while support for renewable...