The Belgian collective bargaining system is highly institutionalised and coordinated. Over 90% of employees are covered by a collective agreement, placing Belgium among the countries with the highest coverage in Europe. Also, the Belgian trade unions have a relatively high level of membership...

The legal basis of collective bargaining in Germany is laid down by the Collective Agreements Act, 1949. Collective agreements can be concluded between employer associations (or individual employers) and trade unions. In contrast, works councils – statutory employee representation bodies...

This study examined best practice examples of social partner involvement in greening the economy in different Member States. It analysed the role of the trade unions and employers’ associations as well as employees, their direct representatives and company management in selected projects at...

This report presents a comparison of national industrial relations systems in the EU25, exploring the differences between individual systems and their effects on the economy. The report is based on the more detailed findings of a research project entitled "Quality of industrial relations:...

The Evaluation of the European Union's (EU) co-operation with Georgia was commissioned by the DG DEVCO Evaluation Unit and was implemented between January 2014 and April 2015. Covering the period 2007-2013, the evaluation’s objectives were: To identify key lessons and to produce...

The South Caucasus is a small but diverse region, comprising the three states of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia as well as three separatist breakaway territories of Nagorny Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The region has an official population of only around 17 million people, but also...

The purpose of this evaluation specifically relates to the SIGMA Programme implemented in eleven beneficiary countries of the European Neighbourhood Region (ENP) from its inception in the ENP Region in 2008 until mid-2013. This evaluation assesses the SIGMA Programme in the ENP Region in terms...