The EU has experienced different options to support the emergence of champions: (i) targeted support for strategic sectors and large technology initiatives (e.g. Airbus, Ariane, HDTV and ESPRIT); (ii) a support of declining sectors with the ECSC Treaty; and (iii) an emphasis on horizontal...

In a payment card association such as Visa, each time a consumer pays by card, the bank of the merchant (acquirer) pays an interchange fee (IF) to the bank of the cardholder (issuer) to carry out the transaction. This paper studies the determinants of socially and privately optimal IFs in a card...

PURPOSE AND SCOPE The specific objective of the evaluation is to assess the relevance, value addedand cost effectiveness of the Western Balkans Investment Framework (WBIF). The evaluation considered findings from past and ongoing WBIF activities and from the Transport and Energy sectors, for a...