This paper discusses the channels between openness and productivity and trade hampering factors. The stylized facts from the heterogeneous firms literature suggests that firms face market entry costs for each new product they export and to each new export market. Transport costs, border costs...

Studies of EU conditionality assume a power asymmetry between the Commission and the CEECs over the adoption of the acquis, and at the macro level of democratisation and marketisation, rather than tracking clear causal relationships in policies. The article employs regional policy and...

La adhesión de un estado a la Unión Europea origina diversas y numerosas transformaciones en los diferentes componentes del sistema político. En general, inciden sobre aspectos como la opinión pública, los actores políticos (partidos políticos, grupos de interés,...), las instituciones...