Societies provide institutions that are costly to use, but able to enforce long-run relationships. We study the optimal decision problem of using self-governance for risk sharing or governance through enforcement provided by these institutions. Third-party enforcement is modelled as a costly...

The Treaty of Accession consists of several parts. The overarching document is the short Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. Attached to the Treaty is the Act of Accession and its Annexes. This act enters into force only in the event...

This EEA report constitutes the main part of the European Community's submission of its initial report to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report establishes the assigned amount for the European Community (EU-15), and demonstrates its...

This EEA report constitutes the main part of the European Community's submission of its initial report to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report establishes the assigned amount for the European Community (EU-15), and demonstrates its...

The depletion of the ozone layer by man-made chemicals was discovered in the mid-1970s. It was once described by the Nobel prize-winning scientist Paul Crutzen as u0093the worst disaster to hit the global environmentu0094. The international response embodied in the Montreal Protocol has been...

The Practice Guide intends to give an overview of the relevant current legal provisions (including case law) on matters of private international law and posting in the area of employment contracts to assist practitioners . This Guide is not intended to be legally authoritative, nor does it...

This study on the functioning of retail electricity markets for consumers in the EU is the follow up to the first market study conducted in 2009/2010, and published by the European Commission in 2010. The objectives of the current study are to investigate if a well-functioning electricity market...