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This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the volume of the Non-Observed Economy (NOE) in Portugal, by estimating, based on MIMIC models (multiple indicators multiple causes), its path in the period 1977-2008. On the one hand, given the influence of the tax burden, the burden of...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10009958474
The causal relationship between government revenue and government expenditure is an important subject in public … government revenue and government expenditure in Iran by applying the bounds testing approach to cointegration. The results of … the causality test show that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between government expenditure and revenues in …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010009001
commission to be important. Respondents ranked preserving "democracy and freedom" as the most relevant indicator and "further …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010097935
In der Politik sind wie im Geschäftsleben oft riskante beziehungsweise gefährliche Entscheidungen zu treffen, bei denen die Ergebnisse nur schwer oder gar nicht prognostizierbar sind. Da Menschen in ihren Einstellungen gegenüber Risiken und Gefahren variieren, ist es vernünftig, dass in...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010097937
government each year. In this calculation, factor incomes are reduced by indirect taxes. However, the most suitable benchmark … arises where the government operates inefficiently. But this cannot be measured by the macroeconomic tax ratio. …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010160868
clientelistic employment. -- polarization ; political competition ; government efficiency ; government employment ; clientelism. …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010049049