Key role of credit rating agencies is reducing the asymmetry information about credit quality (of governments, business entities or securities) between issuers and investors, and ensuring a common standard of measuring the creditworthiness. Credit rating agencies are engaged in the sale of...

Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) exist for stock, bond and commodity markets. In most cases the underlying feature of an ETF is an index. Fund management today uses the active and the passive way to construct a portfolio. ETFs can be used for passive portfolio management, for which ETFs with...

This paper explores the state of formal and informal equity sources currently available for financing entrepreneurial activity in Chile. By integrating theoretical perspectives regarding formal and informal equity funding and information gathered from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)...

The severe political turmoil provoked by an allegedly mispriced private bond issue in Greece added to the controversial matter of whether prices of structured bonds sold to investors are "fair" or not. In this paper structured bond market is analysed with particular focus on valuation issues. It...

Numerous studies have discussed that even if fundamental for innovation and economic growth, SMEs are often financially more constrained than large firms. Therefore, venture capitalists are often the only available sources of financing to small and young companies. Through the analysis of a...

The study explores the relationship between monetary policy and private sectorinvestment in Kenya by tracing the effects of monetary policy through the transmission mechanism to explain how investment responded to changes in monetary. Several studies have offered a means to understand the manner...

The present paper measured the efficiency of Islamic banks during economic troubles of 2006-2009 to address the question if Islamic banks were efficient and stable. This paper addresses this question by measuring efficiency through employing the on-parametric technique, Data Envelopment Analysis...

This article is divided into four sections. In the first one, we describe the origin and history of investment banking, with particular focus on the economic conditions that led to its birth in the United States. The second part considers those products offered by investments banks which are...