On the basis of portfolio selection theory, this paper finds that whole-farm risk must be regarded as a major reason for the low level of credit flow to agriculture in North-western Kazakhstan. A quadratic programming model was used in order (a) to demonstrate the comparatively high overall risk...

This paper discusses possible strategies for developing countries in negotiations on trade in services in the ongoing WTO Doha Development Round (DR). The liberalization of service imports (including through direct investment) will generate benefits through higher quality, lower prices, and...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on the relationship between agricultural development, agrarian structures, rural employment and poverty in India - based on a literature survey, examines trends in rural population, agricultural income, labour contracts, farm size and food prices; investigates the...

ILO pub-WEP pub-PREALC pub. Working paper analyzing trends in public expenditure on rural development, education and health services to satisfy basic needs in Ecuador from 1970 to 1980 - considers the socioeconomic disparities and rural urban disparities in the impact on household income, access...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on human settlement programmes for land settlement in remote rural areas of Latin America - contrasts integrated rural development programmes with frontier colonisation programmes; reviews recent trends in settlement; discusses obstacles facing such development...

Looks into the role of credit unions as a channel for financial aid to the poor, with particular emphasis on assistance from USAID between 1968 and 1992. Suggests that more internal financing would help credit cooperatives achieve greater self-sufficiency.

Reviews provisions in ILO standards that refer to finance, the financial sector as a whole, financial isntitutions, financial instruments and policies addressed to the financial sector.

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on rural area labour markets in Peru - discusses the historical background, agrarian structure, farm size, social structure, internal migration, seasonal unemployment, agricultural income, impact of land reform, obstacles to labour market expansion, impact on...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper, case study examining obstacles to the commercialization of local agricultural technology in Nepal - investigates constraints to manufacturing agricultural equipment and tools by small scale industry and their use by farmers; looks at agricultural extension...