Technological progress is generally considered a key element in the move towards a less carbon-intensive energy use, and therefore public energy research expenditure has increased in many countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether relatively high subsidies to private energy...

This paper discusses a bottom-up approach to estimate the level of R&D investment by technology in areas where data are scarce. It develops a four-step methodology for the estimation of corporate R&D investments at technology level. This approach can overcome gaps in existing data by combining...

This paper examines how the United States and China are implementing the most ambitious model of bilateral clean energy technology cooperation to date: The U.S.–China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC). It finds that the CERC has been able to generate new IP through RD&D activities, though...

Bei der Energiewende geht es aus ökonomischer Sicht darum, ihre klima- und umweltpolitisch Ziele so zu erreichen, dass auch die beiden anderen Eckpunkte des energiepolitischen Zieldreiecks, die Wirtschaftlichkeit und die Versorgungssicherheit, angemessene Berücksichtigung finden. Der...

Die EU hat im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Klima- und Energiepolitik verschiedene Ziele für das Jahr 2020 festgesetzt. Zu diesen gehören zum einen die Reduzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen um 20% und die Erhöhung des Anteils erneuerbarer Energien auf 20% des gesamten europäischen...

The Estonian electricity market will be fully opened in 2013. Given ever-stricter environmental standards limiting the use of domestically available oil shale as main fuel for electricity generation and expansion of regional power pools, it is widely believed that Estonia’s currently low...

Manufacturing employment has continuously declined in developed economies for more than decade time, but service sector in turn has significantly grown. Services also include warehousing, which connects customers and globally concentrated manufacturing units together. In this manuscript we...

A curious ownership structure is found in Northern Europe – foundations that own <p> and operate business companies. The foundations are non-profit entities, they have no <p> members and no owners, and they cannot be dissolved, but regard it as a goal in itself <p> to run a business. In many cases...</p></p></p>

The rationale and policy proposed by two collaborating projects is to increase innovation through improved connectivity among SMEs within Northern European supply chains. To inform project policy, we test the hypothesis "improvement in broadly defined connectivity as online business activity,...

The milk sector has received much attention in Europe due to the abolishment of milk quotas in 2015 and its potential effect on the geographical distribution of milk production across countries. As a way of assessing the competitive advantage of Nordic EU countries, we investigated the...