In spite of the difficulties incurred by its people, Cuba has maintained a centrally planned economy with single party system. On the contrary, Vietnam has introduced a market economy under communist rule, and succeeded in generally improving living standards. The factors that contributed to the...

During the early post-war period, Western trade union movements grew in membership and achieved an institutionalized role in industrial relations and politics. However, during the last decades, many trade unions have seen their membership decline as they came increasingly under pressures due to...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the work of Bismarck in relation to social legislation. Design/methodology/approach – Bismarck's points of views are sketched mainly through quotations from his speeches in Parliament. His position regarding social protection is discussed and...