This paper addresses the problem of representing noncausality between two sets of cointegrated variables. In this case, maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters may be derived based on Johansen's approach. Likelihood ratio tests for noncausality are derived, which are different depending...

Powder samples of thiol-capped gold nanoparticles in the size range of 2-4 nm were quantitatively characterized by means of synchrotron X-ray diffraction data, with respect to their structure, size and strain distributions. A novel Rietveld-like approach was applied, refining domain size...

The paper explores whether and how current lending-of-last-resort can be extended beyond national borders. It argues that what makes lending of last resort effective at the national level is a blend of resource availability, technical discretion, ex-ante supervision, and powers of enforcement....

This paper is the story of the search for a better trade-off between flexibility and credibility undertaken by authorities around the world in the last 25 years. It provides detailed information on how monetary frameworks - that is the set of announced rules and institutions affecting monetary...