This paper develops consistency and asymptotic normality of instrumental variables and least squares estimates for the parameters of a higher-order spatial autoregressive (SAR) model with regressors. The order of the SAR model and the number of regressors are allowed to approach infinity slowly...

This article shows how to combine top-down budgeting – in the core sense of the establishment of a hard aggregate expenditure ceiling at the start of the budget preparation process – with flexibility in the allocation of the aggregate ceiling between spending ministries during budget...

This guide provides practical guidance on program classification, that is, on how to define programs and their constituent elements under a program budgeting system. Program budgeting is the most widespread form of performance budgeting as applied to the government budget as a whole. The...

Can an accrual budgeting system – a system in which budgetary spending authorisations to line ministries are formulated in accrual terms – serve the needs of good fiscal policy? If so, how must such a system be designed? This article addresses these questions and also considers the case for...

The Chilean government is exploring several important areas of public sector reform. This article discusses performance budgeting (including spending reviews, efficiency reviews, and the Chilean performance management system), mediumterm budgeting (especially the use of forward estimates and...

This paper discusses how evaluation is an essential tool for good budgeting and a core element of any well-designed government wide performance budgeting system. It is organized into 5 sections: (1) Evaluation and performance budgeting- the principle outlines the role which evaluation should, in...