The history of the electric power industry in Latin America has been a continuous search for a formula that would yield a reliable and efficient service, accessible to all. By recognizing the difficulties encountered in the last three decades in implementing all types of models, Market or State?...

This paper investigates trends in energy intensity in Latin American countries over the last 40 years. It applies the Fisher Ideal Index to decompose the energy intensity into the relative contributions of energy efficiency and the activity mix, and then analyzes the determinants of these energy...

The history of the electric power industry in Latin America has been a continuous search for a formula that would yield a reliable and efficient service, accessible to all. By recognizing the difficulties encountered in the last three decades in implementing all types of models, Market or State?...

This research examines educational stratification cross-nationally through the context of German division and unity. Drawing on representative German Social Survey (ALLBUS) data from 1991-1998 on cohorts schooled in the 1980s and 1990s, the analysis explores educational inequality at the...

Pre-reform similarities between the ex-German Democratic Republic and Czechoslovakia serve as a basis for comparing two different approaches to marketizing centrally planned economies. The GDR freed trade in goods and fixed the exchange rate first, then liberalized domestic price setting, and...

The collapse of communism in East Germany took place alongside unification with its democratic neighbour, West Germany. This made the East German experience of the ‘transition’ - from the planned to the free-market economy - unique among that of the post-socialist states. On the one hand,...

Up to the end of World War II, the political-economic framework had been relatively similar all over Germany. However, the farm structure was different. While in both parts, the West and the East, about 90 per cent of all farms cultivated less than 20 ha and about one per cent more than 100 ha,...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on the economic role of rural women and fuelwood needs in three ecologycally distinct rural communitys in Peru - describes the research method; examines the rural area energy issue and women's household activities; analyses the sexual division of labour, waste of...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on economic implications of petroleum (energy) price trends in Costa Rica, 1972 to 1983 - investigates economic conditions, balance of trade, balance of payments, Terms of Trade, external debt, etc.; discusses labour force participation and income distribution;...