[eng] Résumé In the last thirty years of the nineteenth century, the United States provided Western Europe with all its cereals. They ruled the world market of wheat. One can explain this situation by supply and demand conditions. On the supply side, the model borrowed from Fisher-Temin shows...

[eng] Abstract The United States were a protectionist country from the Civil War to 1934, except under the Wilson presidency. High tariffs were supposed to protect American workers from the competition of imports from low-wages countries. This papers charts the main features of protective laws,...

[spa] Las pensiones individuales a largo plazo : una proyecciôn por microsimulaciôn . El porvenir de las pensiones suele considerarse en términos globales : proyecciôn de las grandes masas, de los nivelés de prestaciones o de los tipos de cotizaciones medios. Aello se Mega valiéndose de...

We review the changes in modelling strategy and econometric methodology when estimating a firm-level investment equation on panel data during the past twenty years, in order to assess which of these changes result from new estimation methods and changes in the practice of panel data...