This paper investigates whether the real oil price has an impact on the real exchange rates of three main oil-exporting countries: Norway, Russia and Saudi Arabia. We create our measure of the real effective exchange rates for Norway and Saudi Arabia (1980-2006) and for Russia (1995-2006),...

This paper examines the relationship between raw materials prices and economic growth through two channels, the terms of trade (ToT) and energy efficiency (EF), in three emerging Pacific Rim economies, Russia, Indonesia and Malaysia. We demonstrate positive relationships between changes in...

Investigates how macroeconomic shocks and policies for agricultural performance have affected living standards, especially in agriculture.

Outlines the history of the fair trade movement, its developments, different approaches and lessons learned. Examines future challenges and ways in which the lessons learned can influence trade and development. Focuses on how to boost market opportunities in the developed countries for MSEs in...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on economic implications of petroleum (energy) price trends in Costa Rica, 1972 to 1983 - investigates economic conditions, balance of trade, balance of payments, Terms of Trade, external debt, etc.; discusses labour force participation and income distribution;...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on the role of the new international economic order in eradicating rural area poverty and promoting rural development - focuses on importance of the agricultural sector and agricultural exports; examines NIEO proposals such as increasing export earnings, reducing...

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper, rural employment policy research programme on agricultural income in India - examines wages of agricultural workers and farmer household income; analyses rural area labour force participation incl. Rural women, land tenure, consumer expenditure, etc.; covers wage...