The velocity of money usually rises in expansions and falls in recessions This paper explains this pro-cyclical movement of velocity using two ideas: (i) during business cycles the movement of investment and consumption of durable goods has a larger amplitude than consumption of non-durable...

Precautionary demand for money is significant in the data, and may have important implications for business-cycle dynamics of velocity and other nominal aggregates. Accounting for such dynamics is a standing challenge in monetary macroeconomics: standard business-cycle models that have...

Investigation of the fiscal policy effects generates comprehensive dispute given the scientific importance of understanding the mechanisms by which governments interventions operate and interact throughout the economy. In addition, should not be overlooked that the effects of fiscal policies are...