Applying Hsiao's version of the Granger causality method, this paper reexamines the causality between nominal expenditures and revenues in the United States for the 1946-96 period in a multivariate framework. Both the Engle-Granger two-step and Johansen canonical cointegration tests are...

Applying the Johansen cointegration test, this study finds that energy consumption, economic growth, capital and labour are cointegrated. However, this study detects no causality from energy consumption to economic growth using Hsiao's version of the Granger causality method with the aid of...

Using Hsiao's version of Granger causality and cointegration, this study finds that employment (EP), energy consumption (EC), Real GNP (RGNP) and capital are not cointegrated. EC is found to negatively cause EP whereas EP and RNGP are found to directly cause EC. It is also found that capital...