Strategies for reductions of emissions and depositions are described, with special regard for countries in transition. The influences of structural changes and energy-saving measures, as well as the effects of reductions of multiple pollutants, are analyzed for four countries in Central and...

One of the most important hindrances that still impede many renewable energy projects is the perception of such projects by potential lenders and investors as low-profit and risky undertakings. This paper aims at delineating a more precise picture of these groups of energy projects explaining...

The influence of energy-supply structure on emission-reduction costs for SO2 is outlined and evaluated. For this purpose, eight representative countries have been selected for analysing impacts due to different energy scenarios varying in final energy demand, fuel prices, assumed CO2-emission...

Local citizen participation schemes like the German "Bürgerwindparks" (citizen wind farm) have been an important vehicle to develop the wind energy business to its present state of market maturity. This article discusses ownership as an integrated part of the economic project design for...

Local citizen participation schemes like the German "Bürgerwindparks" (citizen wind farm) have been an important vehicle to develop the wind energy business to its present state of market maturity. This article discusses ownership as an integrated part of the economic project design for...

During recent years, closed-end funds have become one of the dominant financing schemes for wind farms in Germany. Having evolved out of the traditional model of local citizen-financed wind farms (‘Bürgerwindpark’), closed-end wind funds can be seen as a logical consequence of the...

From a private investor's point of view transaction costs of project-based Kyoto mechanisms relate mainly to project management and interaction with government representatives. However, when analysing the cost effectiveness of project-based Kyoto mechanisms these transaction costs are often...