Die Bilanz des Europäischen Zentralbanksystems (EZBS) ist um 50% länger als notwendig, und da die europäischen Notenbanken ihre Bilanzen so undurchsichtig wie möglich gestalten, ist es schwer, genau festzustellen, woher die überflüssigen Positionen stammen. Daniel Gros, stellvertretender...

We use data on the sources of debt finance of U.S. majority-owned foreign affiliates in 53 countries over the period 1983 to 2001 to examine the role of financial market development, and exposure to host country-specific risk on the financing choices of these affiliates. We find that total...

We develop a model predicting two channels through which creditor protection enhances the performance of stock prices: (1) The probability of a liquidity crisis leading to a binding investment-finance constraint falls with a strong protection of creditors; (1) The stock prices under the...

This paper uses survey data for 29,000 households from 29 transition economies to explore how the use of banking services is related to household characteristics, bank ownership structure and the development of the financial infrastructure. At the household level we find that the holding of a...