The change in the premia earned by African, urban, male, union members, relative to earnings of other, comparable workers in South Africa, between 1985 and 1993, is examined using two independent, national, sample surveys. The interval from 1985 to 1993 was part of a period of rapidly rising...

Most of the evidence from recent data indicates that economic development at origin diminishes pressures to emigrate, especially when tighter labor markets occur as a result of development ; if there is any indication of a lower arm to a migration hump, whereby development accelerates...