While financial crises during the 1990s have started a lively debate on IMF policies toward member countries, reform of the Fund's organisational structure and operations have been largely ignored. Improved organisation and operations would increase IMF efficiency and membership participation,...

In 1971 many academic economists were predicting that the Bretton Woods system of fixed parities would collapse. Some, most notably Milton Friedman, became excited about the possibility of a floating system because the benefits of international capital mobility can only be achieved through the...

While financial crises during the 1990s have started a lively debate on IMF policies toward member countries, reform of the Fund's organisational structure and operations have been largely ignored. Improved organisation and operations would increase IMF efficiency and membership participation,...

In 1971 many academic economists were predicting that the Bretton Woods system of fixed parities would collapse. Some, most notably Milton Friedman, became excited about the possibility of a floating system because the benefits of international capital mobility can only be achieved through the...

There are more than one billion Muslims in the world and they account for roughly 5 per cent of the world's GNP. Some people estimate that Islamic banking will be responsible for managing up to 50 per cent of savings in the Islamic world within the next five to ten years. Recent developments in...

There are more than one billion Muslims in the world and they account for roughly 5 per cent of the world's GNP. Some people estimate that Islamic banking will be responsible for managing up to 50 per cent of savings in the Islamic world within the next five to ten years. Recent developments in...

In this paper, the foundational rules governing human, economic and financial development in Islam, as understood from the Qur’ān and from the life and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), are summarized. These rules pave the path to development as the basis of institutional structure,...

The region comprising North Africa and the Middle East is the driest in the world. Thus conflicts over water have been a part of the landscape. These conflicts over water are invariably seen as a zero sum game; such a view does not incorporate the notion that water is an economic good and is...

The oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf have failed economically and socially. It is time for a radical new approach to managing oil revenues while oil and gas reserves last. We propose an approach to cut the level of oil revenues available to governments to zero while incorporating a...

Software exports have the potential to make a significant contribution to the economies of developing countries and to the global IT industry. Developing countries have demonstrated a comparative advantage in this export sector and the global IT industry can benefit from this developing country...