The infant industry argument for protection of import competing industries has a long and almost entirely theoretical history in the literature. In this paper the empirical evidence of infant industry dynamics in the Brazilian ethanol industry is investigated. In Brazil ethanol has developed...

The U.S. corn ethanol industry is a subsidized, high cost, trade protected, limited scale industry; unable to compete in free markets orto efficiently supply new fuel demands of clean air legislation. Lower cost, sugarcane ethanol from Latin America (Brazil) should be asupplementary source,...

There is a gender imbalance in undergraduate economics departments with most departments educating a strong majority of young men. This imbalance has led many economists to ponder the question of why relatively few women choose to take courses and major in economics. Our hypothesis is that the...

Sugarcane-based ethanol has become a primary automotive fuel in Brazil over the past 15 years. Because sugarcane costs are over two-thirds of the costs of ethanol production, the economic efficiency of the renewable petroleum substitute hinges on the structure of technology in sugarcane...

Strategic services play a pivotal, but largely unrecognized, role in the early growth and development of market economies. The failure to appreciate their importance at early stages of development has led to the selection of policies which often fail to support the growth of service industries,...

A critical lesson to be learned from developed market economies is that strategic services are at the core of an efficiently operating market system. Paradoxically, in transitional economies striving to create a private market structure, services tend to be the least developed, least...

There is widespread concern, both in the private and public sectors, about perceived declines in U.S. college graduates in STEM fields. In our sample, the proportion of science majors has remained steady over the sample period; however, the number entering our college intending to major in STEM...